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Symbol used in heraldry

This article is well-nigh the device in heraldry. For the American money, see Double Eagle. For the French play, see 50'Aigle à deux têtes.

In heraldry and vexillology, the double-headed eagle (or double-eagle) is a accuse associated with the concept of Empire. Near modern uses of the symbol are directly or indirectly associated with its use past the late Byzantine Empire, originally a dynastic emblem of the Palaiologoi. It was adopted during the Tardily Medieval to Early Modern menstruation in the Holy Roman Empire on the one mitt, and in Orthodox principalities (Serbia and Russia) on the other, representing an augmentation of the (single-headed) eagle or Aquila associated with the Roman Empire. In a few places, among them the Holy Roman Empire and Russian federation, the motif was further augmented to create the less prominent triple-headed eagle.

The motif has predecessors in Statuary Age art, found in Illyria, Mycenaean Greece, and in the Ancient Near East, peculiarly in Hittite iconography. It re-appeared during the High Middle Ages, from effectually the tenth or 11th centuries, and was notably used by the Eastern Roman Empire, but 11th or twelfth century representations have also been found originating from Islamic Spain, France and the Serbian principality of Raška. From the 13th century onward, it became even more widespread, and was used by the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum and the Mamluk Sultanate within the Islamic earth, and within the Christian world by the Holy Roman Empire, Serbia, several medieval Albanian noble families and Russia.

History [edit]

Statuary Age [edit]

Double-headed hawkeye on the Sphinx Gates of Alaca Höyük.

Polycephalous mythological beasts are very frequent in the Statuary Age and Atomic number 26 Historic period pictorial legacy of the Ancient Near East, especially in the Assyrian sphere. These latter were adopted by the Hittites.[1] Apply of the double-headed eagle in Hittite imagery has been interpreted every bit "royal insignia".[2] A monumental Hittite relief of a double-headed eagle grasping two hares is found at the eastern pier of the Sphinx Gate at Alaca Hüyük.[one] For more examples of double-headed eagles in the Hittite context see Jesse David Chariton, "The Office of the Double-Headed Eagle at Yazılıkaya."[3]

In Mycenaean Greece, evidence of the double-eagle motif was discovered in Grave Circumvolve A, an elite Mycenaean cemetery; the motif was role of a series of gilded jewelry, possibly a necklace with a repeating design.[four]

Middle Ages [edit]

Afterward the Bronze Age collapse, there is a gap of more than than two millennia earlier the re-appearance of the double-headed eagle motif. The earliest occurrence in the context of the Byzantine Empire appears to be on a silk brocade dated to the 10th century, which was, nevertheless, likely manufactured in Islamic Kingdom of spain;[5] similarly early examples, from the 10th or 11th century, are from Republic of bulgaria[half dozen] and from France.[7]

Byzantine Empire [edit]

The early Byzantine Empire continued to employ the (unmarried-headed) majestic eagle motif. The double-headed eagle appears merely in the medieval period, by about the 10th century in Byzantine art,[five] but equally an imperial emblem only much later, during the final century of the Palaiologos dynasty. In Western European sources, it appears as a Byzantine state emblem since at least the 15th century.[eight]

A mod theory, forwarded by Zapheiriou (1947), continued the introduction of the motif to Byzantine Emperor Isaac I Komnenos (1057–1059), whose family unit originated in Paphlagonia. Zapheiriou supposed that the Hittite motif of the double-headed bird, associated with the Paphlagonian city of Gangra (where it was known every bit Haga, Χάγκα ) might have been brought to the Byzantine Empire by the Komnenoi.[9]

Adoption in the Muslim world [edit]

A double-headed eagle relief, 13th-century (Seljuk/Ayyubid menstruum) architectural fragment institute at Konya

The double-headed eagle motif was adopted in the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm and the Turkic beyliks of medieval Anatolia in the early 13th century. A royal association of the motif is suggested by its appearance on the keystone of an curvation of the citadel built at Konya (Ikonion) under Kayqubad I (r. 1220–1237).[10] The motif appears on Turkomen coins of this era, notably on coins minted under Artuqid ruler Nasir al-Din Mahmud of Hasankeyf (r. 1200–1222).[eleven] It is as well found on some stone reliefs on the towers of Diyarbakır Fortress.[12]

Subsequently in the 13th century, the motif was also adopted in Mamluk Arab republic of egypt;[13] information technology is notably found on the pierced-globe handwarmer fabricated for Mamluk amir Badr al-Din Baysari (c. 1270),[14] and in a rock relief on the walls of the Cairo Citadel.[15]

Adoption in Christian Europe [edit]

Adoption of the double-headed eagle in Serbia, Russia and in the Holy Roman Empire begins still in the medieval period, possibly as early equally the 12th century, but widespread utilize begins after the fall of Constantinople, in the late 15th century.

The oldest preserved depiction of a double-headed eagle in Serbia is the ane found in the donor portrait of Miroslav of Hum in the Church building of St. Peter and Paul in Bijelo Polje, dating to 1190. The double-headed eagle in the Serbian imperial coat of arms is well attested in the 13th and 14th centuries.[xvi]

An exceptional medieval depiction of a double-headed eagle in the West, attributed to Otto Iv, is institute in a copy of the Chronica Majora of Matthew of Paris (Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, Parker MS 16 fol. 18, 13th century).

Early Modern use [edit]

Serbia [edit]

In Serbia, the Nemanjić dynasty adopted a double-headed eagle by the 14th century (recorded by Angelino Dulcert 1339). The double-headed eagle was used in several coats of arms found in the Illyrian Armorials, compiled in the early modern catamenia. The white double-headed hawkeye on a red shield was used for the Nemanjić dynasty, and the Despot Stefan Lazarević. A "Nemanjić eagle" was used at the crest of the Hrebeljanović (Lazarević dynasty), while a half-white half-red eagle was used at the crest of the Mrnjavčević. Use of the white eagle was connected past the modern Karađorđević, Obrenović and Petrović-Njegoš ruling houses.

Russia [edit]

Later the fall of Constantinople, the use of two-headed eagle symbols spread to One thousand Duchy of Moscow afterwards Ivan III'southward second wedlock (1472) to Zoe Palaiologina (a niece of the last Byzantine emperor Constantine XI Palaiologos, who reigned 1449–1453),[17] The final prince of Tver, Mikhail Iii of Tver (1453–1505), was stamping his coins with two-headed eagle symbol. The double-headed eagle remained an important motif in the heraldry of the purple families of Russia (the Firm of Romanov (1613-1762)).

The double-headed eagle was a master element of the coat of arms of the Russian Empire (1721–1917), modified in various ways from the reign of Ivan III (1462–1505) onwards, with the shape of the eagle getting its definite Russian form during the reign of Peter the Great (1682–1725). Information technology continued in Russian use until abolished (existence identified with Tsarist rule) with the Russian Revolution in 1917; it was restored in 1993 after that year's constitutional crunch and remains in utilise upward to the nowadays, although the eagle accuse on the present coat of arms is gold rather than the traditional, imperial black.

Holy Roman Empire [edit]

Employ of a double-headed Imperial Eagle, improved from the single-headed Imperial Eagle used in the loftier medieval catamenia, became current in the 15th to 16th centuries. The double-headed Reichsadler was in the coats of arms of many German language cities and aristocratic families in the early mod period. A distinguishing feature of the Holy Roman eagle was that it was often depicted with haloes.

Later the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the double-headed eagle was retained by the Austrian Empire, and served besides as the coat of artillery of the German Confederation. The German states of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen connected to use the double-headed eagle every bit well until they were abolished soon after the First World State of war, and so did the Free City of Lübeck until it was abolished past the Nazi government in 1937. Austria, which switched to a single-headed eagle later the terminate of the monarchy, briefly used a double-headed eagle – with haloes – once again when it was a one-party land 1934–1938; this, too, was ended by the Nazi government. Since then, Federal republic of germany and Austria, and their respective states, have non used double-headed eagles.

Albania [edit]

The tomb of the Albanian noble Costantino Castriota congenital in 1500, in Naples. Two Albanian eagles can exist noticed in the left and right pillar

The Kastrioti family in Albania had a double-headed eagle equally their emblem in the 14th and 15th centuries. Some members of the Dukagjini family and the Arianiti family too used double-headed eagles, and a coalition of Albanian states in the 15th century, afterward called the League of Lezhë, also used the Kastrioti eagle as its flag. The current flag of Republic of albania features a black two-headed eagle with a crimson background. During John Hunyadi'south campaign in Niš in 1443, Skanderbeg and a few hundred Albanians defected from the Turkish ranks and used the double-headed eagle flag.[nineteen] The eagle was used for heraldic purposes in the Eye Ages by a number of Albanian noble families in Republic of albania and became the symbol of the Albanians.[20] The Kastrioti's glaze of arms, depicting a blackness double-headed eagle on a ruddy field, became famous when he led a revolt against the Ottoman Empire resulting in the independence of Albania from 1443 to 1479. This was the flag of the League of Lezhë, which was the first unified Albanian state in the Centre Ages and the oldest Parliament with extant records.[21] [22] [23] [24]

Mysore [edit]

The Gandabherunda is a bicephalous bird, not necessarily an hawkeye but very similar in pattern to the double-headed eagle used in Western heraldry, used every bit a symbol by the Wadiyar dynasty of the Kingdom of Mysore from the 16th century. Coins (golden pagoda or gadyana) from the rule of Achyuta Deva Raya (reigned 1529–1542) depicted the Gandabherunda. Of similar age is a sculpture on the roof of the Rameshwara temple in the temple boondocks of Keladi in Shivamogga. The symbol was in connected use by the Maharaja of Mysore into the modern period, and was adopted as the state symbol of the Land of Mysore (now Karnataka) after Indian independence.

Modern use [edit]

Republic of albania, Serbia, Montenegro and Russia have a double-headed eagle in their coat of arms. In 1912, Ismail Qemali raised a similar version of that flag. The flag has gone through many alterations, until 1992 when the current flag of Albania was introduced.

The double-headed eagle is now used every bit an emblem by a number of Orthodox Christian churches, including the Greek Orthodox Church building and the Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania. In modern Greece, information technology appears in official use in the Hellenic Army (Coat of Arms of Hellenic Army General Staff) and the Hellenic Ground forces Xvi Infantry Division,[25]

The two-headed eagle appears, oft as a supporter, on the mod and historical arms and flags of Austria-Hungary, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Austria (1934–1938), Albania, Armenia, Montenegro, Russian federation and Serbia. It was as well used as a charge on the Greek glaze of arms for a brief period in 1925–1926.[26] It is likewise used in the municipal artillery of a number of cities in Deutschland, Netherlands and Serbia, the arms and flag of the metropolis and Province of Toledo, Spain, the arms of the boondocks of Velletri, Italia, and the arms and flag of the city of Rijeka, Croatia.

An English heraldic tradition, obviously going dorsum to the 17th century, attributes coats of arms with double-headed eagles to the Anglo-Saxon earls of Mercia, Leofwine and Leofric.[27] The design was introduced in a number of British municipal coats of artillery in the 20th century, such as the Municipal Borough of Wimbledon in London,[28] the supporters in the glaze of artillery of the city and burgh of Perth, and hence in that of the district of Perth and Kinross (1975).[29] The motif is as well constitute in a number of British family coats of arms.[30] In Turkey, General Directorate of Security and the municipality of Diyarbakır have a double-headed eagle in their coat of artillery.

Scottish Rite of Freemasonry [edit]

The Double-Headed Hawkeye is used every bit an emblem by the Scottish Rite of Freemasonry[31] which was introduced in French republic, in the early 1760s, as the emblem of the Kadosh degree.[32] The Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, adopted the 'Double Headed Eagle of Lagash' equally its emblem since the 1758 establishment of the Masonic Chivalry Rite (Quango of Emperors of the Eastward and Westward), in Paris, France. That council, with a Masonic rite of 20-v degrees, prepare the foundation for what would evolve into the present masonic organization Scottish Rite. The successors of the "Council of Emperors of the East and West" are today the various Supreme Councils of the Thirty 3rd Degree in more than than threescore countries. The Double Headed Eagle was formally adopted from the personal emblem of King Frederick the Groovy, of Prussia, who in 1786 became the Showtime Sovereign Grand Commander of the Supreme Council of the 33 Degree, subsequent to its germination following the adoption of seven additional degrees to the Masonic Rite.[33]

[34]

Sports clubs insignia [edit]

Several sports clubs, mainly Greek and Turkish, accept the double-headed hawkeye in their insignia. Some of them are: two football clubs of Turkey, BB Erzurumspor and Konyaspor[35] and the Greek sport clubs AEK (Able-bodied Union of Constantinople) and (since 1929) P.A.O.K. (Panthesalonikios Athletic lodge of Constantinople). The Greek clubs employ this symbol since both were founded past Greek refugees who fled to Greece from Constantinople in the 1920s.[36] Information technology is besides the emblem of the Dutch clubs NEC and Vitesse Arnhem, the English football guild AFC Wimbledon and Scottish side Saint Johnstone FC. The Gandabherunda insignia is used by the Indian club Bengaluru FC in their logo.

Gallery [edit]

Heraldry and vexillology [edit]

  • Glaze of arms of Ninove, Belgium

  • Badge of the Mercian Brigade (1948–64) and current badge of the Mercian Regiment reformed in 2007[38]

  • Coat of arms of Arnhem, the netherlands

Artwork [edit]

  • Sculpture of double-headed eagle on the peak of Old Mail Part, Melk

  • Sculpture of double-headed eagle on the top of an Austrian Monument in Leipzig

  • Sculpture of double-headed eagle on the top of the Stone of the Empress, which located at the Marketplace Square, Helsinki

See likewise [edit]

  • Oksoko
  • Arms of Skanderbeg
  • Hawkeye (heraldry)
  • Triple-headed eagle
  • Three-legged crow
  • Serbian eagle
  • Reichsadler
  • Coat of arms of Albania
  • Glaze of artillery of Russia
  • Glaze of arms of Serbia
  • Coat of arms of Montenegro
  • Coat of arms of Serbia and Montenegro
  • Coats of arms of the Holy Roman Empire
  • Coat of arms of Austro-hungarian empire
  • Crossed hands (gesture)
  • Hawkeye of Saladin
  • Hawk of Quraish
  • Gandabherunda

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b Chariton, Jesse David (2011). "The Mesopotamian Origins of the Hittite Double-Headed Eagle". UW-50 Periodical of Undergraduate Research. XIV – via ResearchGate.
  2. ^ Collins, Billie Jean. 2010 "Animal Mastery in Hittite Art and Texts" in The Master of Animals in Sometime World Iconography, ed. Derek B. Counts and Bettina Arnold, pp. 59-74. Chief Series, Number 24, Archaeolingua Foundation, Budapest.
  3. ^ Chariton, Jesse David (2008). "The Function of the Double-Headed Eagle at Yazılıkaya" (PDF). UW-50 Archaeology Senior Theses – via Minds@UW.
  4. ^ Harvard Art Museums/Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Museum Purchase. "Reproduction of a Golden Mycenaean Ornament", 1901.
  5. ^ a b Reconstructed by the Abegg Stiftung Riggisberg, Switzerland. P. Ackermann: A Gilded-woven Byzantine Silk of the Tenth Century. In: Revue des Arts Asiatiques 10, 1936, 87-88. D.One thousand. Sheperd: A mediaeval brocade. In: Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Arts 37, 1950, 195-196; Southward. Müller-Christensen: Zwei Seidengewebe als Zeugnisse der Wechselwirkung von Byzanz und Islam. In: Artes Minores. Dank an Werner Abegg. Bern, 1973, 22-25.
  6. ^ Stone slab with Double-Headed Eagle, Stara Zagora, Nasionalen Arkheologicheski Muzei, Sofia Inv. nr.B: 854; 10th-11th century, from the fourth dimension of the Macedonian Empire in Republic of bulgaria (976-1018) or from the time of Byzantine occupation (971-976; 1018-1185) and may exist the emblem of rank of the Bulgarian tsar/basileus in Illyricum. Evans, Helen C. & William D. Wixom. Eds. The Celebrity of the Byzantine Empire. Fine art and Culture of the Byzantine Era A.D. 843-1261. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1997. 326f.
  7. ^ Miniature of the Archangel Michael (killing a devil) and a monk, with a 2-headed eagle betwixt the arches, ms. of Pseudo-saint Clément, Recognitiones; Mont Saint-Michel, c. 1000. Avranches, Bibliothèque Municipale ms. 50.
  8. ^ Skartsis, L.S. (2017) Origin and Evolution of the Greek Flag Archived 2018-05-03 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 978-960-571-242-6
  9. ^ Zapheiriou, N. (1947). Η ελληνική σημαία από την αρχαιότητα ως σήμερα ("The Greek Flag from Antiquity to present"). Athens, Greece. pp. 21–22. . "Ο φωτισμένος αυτός Αυτοκράτορας καταγόταν από Οίκο της Παφλαγονίας, όπου στην πόλη Γάγγρα υπήρχε ο θρύλος της ύπαρξης φτερωτού αετόμορφου και δικέφαλου θηρίου (γνωστού ως Χάγκα), το οποίο και κοσμούσε το θυρεό του κτήματος της οικογένειάς του στην Καστάμονη." It is unclear where Zapheiriou's term Haga (Χάγκα) is taken from; it does not appear to find further reflection in scholarly literature but it was adopted by historical fiction author Gordon Doherty in his Strategos: Island in the Storm (2014), encounter notation on p. 390: "Ane theory is that the symbol was adopted from the many aboriginal Hittite rock carvings of the mythical Haga found throughout Anatolia."
  10. ^ "Information technology was from the Byzantine Empire, however, that the Turks adopted the double-headed eagle. A royal association with this emblem is suggested by its appearance on the keystone of an arch from the Seljuk citadel at Ikonion. This is fabricated fifty-fifty more explicit by the double-headed eagle emblazoned with the word al-Sultan on a ceramic tile excavated at the palace of Alaeddin Kaykubad at Kubadabad, near Akşehir" Helen C. Evans, William D. Wixom, The Glory of the Byzantine Empire: Fine art and Civilization of the Byzantine Era, A.D. 843–1261, Metropolitan Museum of Art (1997), p. 411.
  11. ^ "Artuqids of Mardin, Nasir al-Din Mahmud (1200–1222 Advertizing), AE Dirhem 26 mm; minted AH 617 (1220/1221 AD) obv: Two-headed hawkeye. Rev: Three line Kufic legend in beaded border" Tom Buggey, Coins of Islam Archived 2016-05-05 at the Wayback Machine. "B2272. ARTUQUIDS OF HISN KAYFA AND AMID, NASIR AL-DIN-MAHMUD, 1200–1222 Ad. AE Dirhem, Spengler/Sayles fifteen. 12.68 gm. Two headed eagle with wings spread representing the astrological sign Gemini/Legend. Nice VF." Edgar L. Owen, TURKOMAN AND OTHER Early WORLD COINS Archived 2016-04-26 at the Wayback Automobile. Baldwin Islamic Coin Sale 18 Archived 2016-05-12 at the Wayback Machine nos. 626–629.
  12. ^ Gallery: WHC 2015 – Diyarbakir Fortress and Hevsel Gardens Cultural Landscape (Turkey) UNESCO. Retrieved on 11 April 2020.
  13. ^ Mamlūk Studies Review, Volume 8, p. 64.
  14. ^ Pierced World (Handwarmer made for Badr al-Din Baysari) c.1270 Archived 2016-05-07 at the Wayback Auto London: British Museum 78 12-30 682.
  15. ^ The Cairo Citadel relief is of uncertain origin, and was probable moved to Cairo during the Mamluk menses. Nasser Rabbat, "The Visual Milieu of the Counter-Crusade in Syrian arab republic and Egypt" in: Khalil I. Semaan (ed.), The Crusades: Other Experiences, Alternating Perspectives: Selected Proceedings from the 32nd Annual CEMERS Briefing (2003), p. 76. Its heads are missing, and its design is the origin of the (single-headed) "Eagle of Saladin" introduced as a symbol of Egyptian Republicanism in the 1950s. L. A. Meyer, Saracenic Heraldry (1933), p. 195, cited after The Flag Bulletin 24 (1985), p. 44.
  16. ^ Atlagić, Marko (2009). "Određivanje nacionalnih heraldičkih simbola na primjeru Srba i Hrvata [Étude des symboles nationaux héraldiques à l' exemple des Serbes et des Croates]" (PDF). Zbornik radova Filozofskog fakulteta u Prištini, no. 39, pp. 179–188. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-05-28.
  17. ^ Alfred Znamierowski (2003). Illustrated Book of Flags. London: Southwater – Annes Publishing Ltd. p. 55. ISBN1-84215-881-3.
  18. ^ Nadin, Lucia (2013). Venezia eastward Albania: una storia di incontri due east secolari legami. Regione del Veneto. p. 96. ISBN978-88-97784-35-seven.
  19. ^ Mucha, Crampton & Louda 1985, p. 36 harvnb mistake: no target: CITEREFMuchaCramptonLouda1985 (help).
  20. ^ Elsie 2010, "Flag, Albanian", p. 140: "The eagle was a common heraldic symbol for many Albanian dynasties in the Late Middle Ages and came to exist a symbol of the Albanians in general. It is also said to take been the flag of Skanderbeg...Equally a symbol of modern Albania, the flag began to be seen during the years of the national awakening and was in common employ during the uprisings of 1909-1912. Information technology was this flag that Ismail Qemal bey Vlora raised in Vlora on 28 November 1912 in proclaiming Albanian independence." harvnb mistake: no target: CITEREFElsie2010 (help)
  21. ^ Matanov 2010, p. 363 harvnb fault: no target: CITEREFMatanov2010 (help).
  22. ^ Pickard & Çeliku 2008, p. 16 harvnb mistake: no target: CITEREFPickardÇeliku2008 (help).
  23. ^ Schmitt 2009 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSchmitt2009 (assist).
  24. ^ "Kuvendi i Lezhës (1444)". letersia.fajtori.com (in Albanian).
  25. ^ "Regular army.gr". Archived from the original on March 5, 2009.
  26. ^ Eleni Kokkonis-Lambropoulos & Katerina Korres-Zografos (1997). Greek flags, arms and insignia (Ελληνικές Σημαίες, Σήματα-Εμβλήματα) (in Greek). E. Kokkonis-G. Tsiveriotis. pp. 47, 51. ISBN960-7795-01-6.
  27. ^ A. Davidson, A History of the Holtes of Aston, Baronets (1854), p. 69, in a description an armorial frieze dated 1608.
  28. ^ "Civic Heraldry, Wimbledon Civic Quango". Archived from the original on 10 May 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  29. ^ "Perth and Kinross – Coat of arms". ngw.nl – Heraldry of the World. Archived from the original on 9 Oct 2012. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  30. ^ Alfred William W. Morant, An alphabetical dictionary of coats of arms belonging to families in Great United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland and Ireland (1874), p. 304.
  31. ^ "Scottish Rite, NMJ | The Origins of the Double-Headed Eagle". Scottish Rite, NMJ.
  32. ^ Pierre Mollier (2004), "The Double-Headed Hawkeye: Iconographic Sources of the Masonic Symbol" (PDF), The Concatenation of Union (Special result No.3): 5–xv, archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-09-16, retrieved 2011-10-30
  33. ^ http://www.denverconsistory.org/docs/orations/o20kadosh.pdf[ blank URL PDF ]
  34. ^ "The Origins of the Double-Headed Eagle". Scottish Rite, NMJ . Retrieved 2021-09-25 .
  35. ^ "Atiker Konyaspor – Resmi Net Sitesi". www.konyaspor.org.tr. Archived from the original on 30 January 2004. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
  36. ^ "History". PAOK F.C. Archived from the original on xiii Oct 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  37. ^ Urquhart, R. M. (1973). Scottish Burgh and Canton Heraldry. London: Heraldry Today. pp. 108–109. ISBN0900455241.
  38. ^ "Mercian History". Mercian Volunteers Regimental Association. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2013-05-xiii .
  • Soloviev, A.5. (1935). "Les emblèmes héraldiques de Byzance et les Slaves". Seminarium Kondakovianum (in French). vii: 119–164.

External links [edit]

  • de Vries, Hubert (2011). "2-Headed Eagle". Hubert Herald.
  • Velde, François (2005). "Heraldry in Byzantine?". Heraldica.
  • "Themes in Tardily Byzantine Art". Byzantium Faith and Ability (1261-1557). Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on May 29, 2004. Note: Embroidered double-headed eagle on the podea of Paul, Patriarch of Constantinople (late 14th century)
    • "Chantry Cloth or Podea (of Paul, Patriarch of Constantinople)". Met Museum. Gallery 303. Accession: 12.104.1. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_eagle

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